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To draw phonetic diacritical symbols in the Picture window or in the TextGridEditor, make sure that you have installed the Charis and/or Doulos SIL font, for instance from sil.org
or from praat.org
. You can either type the symbols directly (if your computer has an input method for them), or use the backslash trigraphs in the following list.
Diacritics above the letter:
n\|v
(combining vertical line below): syllabic consonantb\0v
(combining ring below): voiceless (e.g. lenis voiceless plosive, voiceless nasal or approximant)s\vv
(combining caron below): voicedo\Tv
(combining down tack below, lowering): lowered vowel; or turns a fricative into an approximanto\T^
(combining up tack below, raising): raised vowel; or turns an approximant into a fricativeo\T(
(combining left tack below, atr): advanced tongue rooto\T)
(combining right tack below, rtr): retracted tongue roote\-v
(combining macron below): backedo\+v
(combining plus sign below): frontedo\:v
(combining diaeresis below): breathy voiceo\~v
(combining tilde below): creaky voiced\Nv
(combining bridge below): dental (as opposed to alveolar)d\Uv
(combining inverted bridge below): apicald\Dv
(combining square below): laminalu\nv
(combining inverted breve below): nonsyllabice\3v
(combining right half ring below): slightly roundedu\cv
(combining left half ring below): slightly unroundedd\mv
(combining seagull below): lingiolabiala\_ub
undertie (liaison, if spaces don't mean breaks in your transcription)Diacritics below the letter:
\gf\0^
(combining ring above): voiceless\ef\''
(combining double acute accent): extra high tone\ef\'^
(combining acute accent): high tone\ef\-^
(combining macron): mid tone (or so)\ef\
^
(combining grave accent): low tone\ef\
(combining double grave accent): extra low tone\ef\-'
(combining macron–acute): high-rising tone\ef\'-
(combining acute–macron): high-falling tone\ef\
-
(combining grave–macron): low-rising tone\ef\-
(combining macron–grave): low-falling tone\ef\rf
(combining grave–acute–grave): rising–falling tone\ef\fr
(combining acute–grave–acute): falling–rising tone\ef\~^
(combining tilde): nasalized\ef\v^
(combining caron, háček, wedge): rising tone\ef\^^
(combining circumflex accent): falling toneo\:^
(combining diaeresis): centralizede\x^
(combining x above): mid-centralized\ef\N^
(combining breve): extra shortk\lip
, t͡s t\lis
(combining double inverted breve, ligature): simultaneous articulation, or single segmentk\lix
, m͜b k\LSx
(combining double breve below, ligature): simultaneous articulation, or single segmentDiacritics struck through the letter (overlays):
d\//
(combining long solidus overlay): ?d\-/
(combining long stroke overlay): ?d\~/
(combining tilde overlay): velarized or pharyngealized, mainly used for “l”, although l̴ l\~/
can more easily be typed as ɫ \l~
(otherwise, velarization can more clearly be rendered as e.g. dˠ d\^g
or dᵚ d\^M
or dᶭ d\^G
, and pharyngealization as dˁ d\^9
).In-line prefixes:
\'1
primary stress\'2
secondary stress\|u
(modifier letter raised up arrow): upstep\|d
(modifier letter raised down arrow): downstep\NE
(north east arrow): global rise\SE
(south east arrow): global fallIn-line suffixes:
\:f
the phonetic length sign\.f
half lengtht\cn
(combining left angle above, corner): unreleased plosive\er\hr
(combining rhotic hook): rhotacized vowelp\ap
apostrophe (for ejectives)\-5
extra high tone\-4
high tone\-3
mid tone\-2
low tone\-1
extra low tone\-5\-1
falling, ˧˥ \-3\-5
high-rising, ˨˥˨ \-2\-5\-2
rising–falling, or ˨˩˧ \-2\-1\-3
low falling–rising)Other in-line symbols:
\|f
the phonetic strokeSuperscripts:
t\^h
aspirationb\^H
voiced aspiration (breathiness)t\^j
palatalizationt\^g
, tᵚ t\^M
, tᶭ t\^G
velarizationk\^w
roundingt\^Y
rounding with palatalizationa\^?
glottalizationt\^9
pharyngealizationt\^l
lateral releaset\^n
, pᵐ p\^m
, kᵑ k\^N
nasal releaset\^s
, kˣ k\^x
, pᶠ p\^f
affricationt\^y
(palatalization in a deprecated Americanist notation)Digraphs:
\ts
t–s ligature\tS
tesh ligature\dz
d–z ligature\dZ
dezh ligature© Paul Boersma 2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2011,2013,2021,2025